Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: ADGRG1-targeted hypoxia preconditioned extracellular vesicles ameliorate intervertebral disc degeneration by delivering taurine to disrupt the oxidative stress feedback loop-driven ferroptosis in nucleus pulposus cells

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.029

Figure Lengend Snippet: Taurine is the key small molecule in A1TP-HX-EVs that activated the AMPK/NRF2 pathway to regulate nucleus pulposus cell repair. (A) The LC-MS/MS analysis was used to detect the differential active small molecule components between placental HX-EVs and EVs. (B) The SMPDB enrichment analysis identified pathways related to small molecules that are up-expressed in HX-EVs compared to EVs. The metabolic pathways marked in red are related to ferroptosis inhibition and mitochondrial function. (C) Volcano plot of small molecule in HX-EVs versus EVs. |log2FC| > 0.5, FDR <0.05. (D) The content of taurine in placental MSC (pMSC), hypoxia-induced pMSC(HX-pMSC) and their derived EVs was detected by ELISA. n = 3. (E) Primary NPCs cells were induced with TBHP, and then treated with EVs, HX-EVs, and A1TP-HX-EVs for 24 h. The cell lysates were subjected to ELISA assay to detect taurine content. (F) Two shRNA lentiviruses were designed to knock down TAUT a key enzyme in taurine uptake in pMSC. (G) The content of taurine in TAUT-sh1-pMSC and TAUT-sh2-pMSC derived EVs (KD-HX-EVs) was detected by ELISA. n = 3. (H) Primary NPCs were induced with TBHP, and then treated with A1TP-HX-EVs and A1TP-KD-HX-EVs for 24 h. Cell lysates were immunoblotted with indicated antibodies. (I) Primary NPCs were induced with TBHP, and then treated with A1TP-HX-EVs and A1TP-KD-HX-EVs for 24 h, followed by immunofluorescent staining with anti- TOM20 (green) and anti-4-HNE (red) antibodies. n = 3. Scale bar, 50 μm. (J) A CDO1-overexpressing retrovirus was designed to overexpress CDO1 in pMSCs. (K) The content of taurine in CDO1-OE-pMSC derived EVs (OE-EVs) was detected by ELISA. n = 3. (L) Primary NPCs were induced with TBHP, and then treated with treated A1TP-EVs and A1TP-OE-EVs for 24 h. Cell lysates were immunoblotted with indicated antibodies. (M) Primary NPCs were induced with TBHP, and then treated with A1TP-EVs and A1TP-OE-EVs for 24 h, followed by immunofluorescent staining with anti-TOM20 (green) and anti-4-HNE (red) antibodies. n = 3. Scale bar, 50 μm. (N-O) Representative oxygen consumption traces of primary NPCs induced with TBHP and then treated with A1TP-HX-EVs, A1TP-KD-HX-EVs, or A1TP-OE-EVs for 24 h. Maximal respiration of NPCs were quantified. n = 3. All data are expressed as the mean ± SD. For E), I), M) and O), one‐way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparison tests were used for statistical analysis. For D), G) and K), two‐tailed unpaired Student's t‐tests were used for statistical analysis. ∗ P < 0.05. ∗∗ P < 0.01. ∗∗∗ P < 0.001. ns, not significant.

Article Snippet: Primary antibodies included FTH1(4393S, Cell Signaling Technology), COL1A1(72026T, Cell Signaling Technology), COL2A1(sc-52658, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), MMP13(ab39012, Abcam), GPX4(30388-1-AP, Proteintech), ADGRG1(sc-390192, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), TAUT (sc-393036, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), TonEBP (sc-101098, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), CDO1 (12589-1-AP, Proteintech), AMPK(10929-2-AP, Proteintech), Phospho-AMPK (Thr172)(2535T, Cell Signaling Technology), SIRT1(8469T, Cell Signaling Technology), P-SIRT1(Ser47)(2314S, Cell Signaling Technology), PGC-1α(2178S, Cell Signaling Technology), Ac-lysine(sc-81623, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), NRF2(16396-1-AP, Proteintech), TFAM(22586-1-AP, Proteintech), NCOA4(66849S, Santa Cruz Biotechnology).

Techniques: Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectroscopy, Inhibition, Derivative Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, shRNA, Knockdown, Staining, Comparison, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: A promising magnesium-related alloy with metabolic reprogramming and antitumor effects in hepatocellular and pancreatic cancer

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2025.12.039

Figure Lengend Snippet: Transcriptomic Analysis Indicates Mg and Al-Mg Alter Gene Expression Patterns in Hepatocellular and Pancreatic Cancer Cells. (A) High-throughput sequencing of PANC-1, PANC-1-Mg, PANC-1-Al-Mg, Huh7, Huh7-Mg, and Huh7-Al-Mg groups; heatmap showing sample correlations. (B) Volcano plots illustrating differential gene expression in Huh7 and PANC-1 cells after Mg or Al-Mg treatment. (C) GO enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes following Mg or Al-Mg treatment. (D) KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes after Mg or Al-Mg treatment. (E) GSEA enrichment analysis of gene expression profiles post Mg or Al-Mg treatment. (F) Western blot analysis of AMPK, p-AMPK and CPT1B expression in PANC-1 cells after Mg or Al-Mg exposure with or without AMPK agonist. (G) PPI network analysis of differentially expressed genes in Mg or Al-Mg-treated cells. (H) Integrated analysis of metabolomic and transcriptomic data by MetaboAnalyst 6.0.

Article Snippet: After blocking with 5 % nonfat milk for 1 h at room temperature, membranes were incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibodies, including AMPK (1:1000, CST, 2532), p-AMPK (1:1000, CST, 2535), CPT1B (1:1000, Proteintech, 22170-1-AP), CDK4 (1:1000, Proteintech, 11026-1-AP), PCNA (1:1000, Proteintech, 10205-2-AP), p21 (1:1000, Proteintech, 10355-1-AP), GAPDH (1:1000, Proteintech, 60004-1-Ig) followed by HRP-conjugated secondary antibody (1:5000, Proteintech, RGAR001) for 1 h at room temperature.

Techniques: Gene Expression, Next-Generation Sequencing, Western Blot, Expressing

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: A promising magnesium-related alloy with metabolic reprogramming and antitumor effects in hepatocellular and pancreatic cancer

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2025.12.039

Figure Lengend Snippet: Transcriptomic Analysis Indicates Mg and Al-Mg Alter Gene Expression Patterns in Hepatocellular and Pancreatic Cancer Cells. (A) High-throughput sequencing of PANC-1, PANC-1-Mg, PANC-1-Al-Mg, Huh7, Huh7-Mg, and Huh7-Al-Mg groups; heatmap showing sample correlations. (B) Volcano plots illustrating differential gene expression in Huh7 and PANC-1 cells after Mg or Al-Mg treatment. (C) GO enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes following Mg or Al-Mg treatment. (D) KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes after Mg or Al-Mg treatment. (E) GSEA enrichment analysis of gene expression profiles post Mg or Al-Mg treatment. (F) Western blot analysis of AMPK, p-AMPK and CPT1B expression in PANC-1 cells after Mg or Al-Mg exposure with or without AMPK agonist. (G) PPI network analysis of differentially expressed genes in Mg or Al-Mg-treated cells. (H) Integrated analysis of metabolomic and transcriptomic data by MetaboAnalyst 6.0.

Article Snippet: Primary antibodies used included p-AMPK (1:100, CST, 2535), Ki-67 (1:1000, Servicebio, GB111499-50), E-cadherin (1:500, Servicebio, GB12083-100), N-cadherin (1:500, Proteintech, SA00013-4), and Vimentin (1:2000, Servicebio, GB11192-100).

Techniques: Gene Expression, Next-Generation Sequencing, Western Blot, Expressing

Journal: The Journal of Biological Chemistry

Article Title: OGG1 increases exercise endurance via elevated skeletal muscle FGF21

doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2026.111360

Figure Lengend Snippet: Alteration of muscle FGF21 and downstream signaling in Ogg1 Tg mice. A , volcano plot of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in skeletal muscle of Ogg1 Tg mice. Fgf21 is the most upregulated gene among all DEGs. B , Fgf21 gene expression was measured in major tissues of WT and Ogg1 Tg mice using quantitative PCR. Gene expressions were normalized to 18S rRNA expression. C , plasma FGF21was measured in WT and Ogg1 Tg mice using ELISA. D and E , phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC was measured in the skeletal muscle of WT and Ogg1 Tg mice using PAGE, and images were quantified using ImageJ. (n = 3–7); data are expressed as mean ± SD; ∗ p < 0.05 relative to WT. ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; AMPK, AMP-activated protein; FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21; Ogg1 Tg , OGG1-transgenic.

Article Snippet: p-AMPK (Thr-172) , 2535- Cell Signaling Technologies , 1:1000.

Techniques: Gene Expression, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Expressing, Clinical Proteomics, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Phospho-proteomics, Transgenic Assay

Journal: Molecules and Cells

Article Title: CpG oligodeoxynucleotide reduces PrP Sc accumulation and prolongs survival in prion-infected mice

doi: 10.1016/j.mocell.2026.100335

Figure Lengend Snippet: CpG ODN induces AMPK signaling and attenuates phosphorylated p62 accumulation in 22L scrapie-infected mice. (a) Western blot analysis of brain lysates at 170 dpi showing expression levels of p-AMPK T172, AMPK, p-ULK1 S555, ULK1, p-p62 S403, p62, ATG12–5, and LC3 I/II in brains of 22L scrapie-infected mice with or without CpG ODN at 170 dpi. (b) Relative intensity of p-AMPK, p-ULK, p62, p-p62, ATG12–5, and LC3-II represented as bar graphs (mean ± S.E.M, n = 6). Statistical significance was determined by 1-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test. * P < .05, ** P < .01, *** P < .001. NS: not significant.

Article Snippet: Membranes were blocked with 5% nonfat dry milk in PBST (8 mM Na 2 HPO 4 , 2 mM KH 2 PO4, 138 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 0.1% Tween 20; pH 7.4) for 1 hour at room temperature (RT), followed by overnight incubation at 4 °C with the following primary antibodies: mouse monoclonal anti-PrP 3F10 (1:2000) , rabbit polyclonal anti-TLR9 (1:2000, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), rabbit polyclonal anti-phospho AMPK T172 (p-AMPK T172) (1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), rabbit monoclonal anti-AMPK (1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit polyclonal anti-phospho-p62 S403 (p-p62 S403) (1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit monoclonal anti-p62 (1:2000, MBL, Nagoya, Japan), rabbit monoclonal anti-phospho-ULK1 S555 (p-ULK1 S555)(1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit polyclonal anti-ULK1 (1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit polyclonal anti-LC3 I/II (1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit polyclonal anti-GFAP (1:2000, CosmoBio, Tokyo, Japan), rabbit polyclonal anti-ATG12 (1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology) and mouse monoclonal anti-β-actin (1:2000, Sigma-Aldrich).

Techniques: Infection, Western Blot, Expressing

Journal: Molecules and Cells

Article Title: CpG oligodeoxynucleotide reduces PrP Sc accumulation and prolongs survival in prion-infected mice

doi: 10.1016/j.mocell.2026.100335

Figure Lengend Snippet: CpG ODN reduces PrP Sc accumulation and activates AMPK-associated signaling in 22L scrapie-infected neuronal cells. (a and b) Immunoblot analysis of (a) PrP Sc and total PrP, and (b) TLR9, p-AMPK T172, total AMPK, p-ULK1 S555, total ULK1, ATG12–5, total p62, and LC3 I/II in 22L scrapie-infected neuronal cells (ZW-22L) treated with CpG ODN (0, 1, or 3 µM) for 6 hours. For PrP Sc detection, equal amounts of protein were incubated with proteinase K (2 µg/ml) for 1 hour. (c) Densitometric quantification of p-AMPK, p-ULK1, ATG12–5, total p62, and LC3-II levels. Data are presented as mean ± S.E.M ( n = 3). (d) Immunoblot analysis of PrP Sc , p-AMPK T172, and total AMPK in ZW-22L cells treated with CpG ODN (3 µM, 6 hours) in presence or absence of the TLR9 antagonist ODN 2088 (5 µM, 7 hours). Data represents 3 independent experiments ( n = 3). Statistical significance was determined by 1-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test (* P < .05, *** P < .001).

Article Snippet: Membranes were blocked with 5% nonfat dry milk in PBST (8 mM Na 2 HPO 4 , 2 mM KH 2 PO4, 138 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 0.1% Tween 20; pH 7.4) for 1 hour at room temperature (RT), followed by overnight incubation at 4 °C with the following primary antibodies: mouse monoclonal anti-PrP 3F10 (1:2000) , rabbit polyclonal anti-TLR9 (1:2000, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), rabbit polyclonal anti-phospho AMPK T172 (p-AMPK T172) (1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), rabbit monoclonal anti-AMPK (1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit polyclonal anti-phospho-p62 S403 (p-p62 S403) (1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit monoclonal anti-p62 (1:2000, MBL, Nagoya, Japan), rabbit monoclonal anti-phospho-ULK1 S555 (p-ULK1 S555)(1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit polyclonal anti-ULK1 (1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit polyclonal anti-LC3 I/II (1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit polyclonal anti-GFAP (1:2000, CosmoBio, Tokyo, Japan), rabbit polyclonal anti-ATG12 (1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology) and mouse monoclonal anti-β-actin (1:2000, Sigma-Aldrich).

Techniques: Infection, Western Blot, Incubation